The French Revolution And The Tennis Court Oath - 1680 Words

In 1789, the Ancien Regime came to an end through the beginning of the French Revolution and the Tennis Court Oath. The patchwork quilt of the old French system had finally been ripped away. While the practical changes of the French government and society did not happen immediately, the mindset and the philosophy of the people changed quickly. They began demanding faster action than the government was willing to give. Looking at who is to be a citizen, religious minorities, and women, the ideals for a new system started a new beginning by ending the Ancien Regime’s hold and replacing it with enlightenment principles. The document which came to embody the French Revolutionary ideals of Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, ou La Mort was the†¦show more content†¦Beyond the Declaration is a plethora of speakers and writers who advocated for the rights of all people as citizens. One such man is Abbà © Sieyà ¨s, who advocated that the Third Estate is â€Å"everything†. I n January of 1789, Sieyà ¨s published a pamphlet titles What is the Third Estate? In the beginning he asks directly to the reader, What is the Third state? To which he answers, everything. He attacked the old system and argued that because the Third Estate carried out all the labor required to maintain France, that the Third Estate made up a complete nation. He knew that the First and Second Estates did not pay taxes to support the nation of France as a whole, however, ended up the main beneficiaries from the King. He argued that the First and Second Estates was a form of cancer as they do not add anything to the civil order like the Third Estate. â€Å"It is impossible to say what place the two privileged order ought to occupy in the social order†¦what place one wishes to assign a malignant tumor.† The Divine Chain of Being, which previously gave natural order to the world, was now called into question or rejected entirely because of 1789 and the Revolution. Another outspoken man for rights for the citizens of France was Maximilian Robespierre. On October 22, 1789, Robespierre gave a speech advocating that all citizens, meaning all men, should have the right to be an officeholder and vote. The Ancien Regime prior to 1789 allowed onlyShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Enlightenment Ideas On The French Revolution844 Words   |  4 Pages How Enlightenment Ideas Impacted the French Revolution? Towards the end of the 18th century, almost all of Europe had gone through a period called the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers, and philosophers, promoted reason and human freedom over tradition and religion. France had one of the bloodiest Enlightenment periods in history because they used the ideas of John Lockes Natural Rights, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract, and Voltaire (Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) teaching of FreedomRead MoreThe Storming Of The Bastille1733 Words   |  7 Pagesextent did the Storming of the Bastille spark the rise of the French Revolution? The Storming of the Bastille, a movement started by the Third Estate on July 14, 1789, would be the landmark event for the first social and political commotion, whose purpose was to demand equality, liberty, and fraternity. The objective of this internal assessment is to examine how the impacts of the Storming of the Bastille inspired the French Revolution. Part B will present accounts of the assaul ts on the BastilleRead MoreThe Three Estates and Grievances Essay668 Words   |  3 PagesBefore the French Revolution, there were three estates, or classes: the nobility, the clergy and the commoners. 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The French Revolution followed in suit with the American Revolution, because the French were in favorRead MoreThe Third Estate Prior to the French Revolution1111 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Sieyes in 1789, right before the French revolution. This Third Estate had goals of gaining freedoms that the other â€Å"estates† had at the time. The Third Estate was defined majorly as the common people of France or the middle class, while the first estate was made up of the clergy of the church and the second estate was made up of the french nobility and monarchs. This Third Estate ultimately played a major factor in spurring on the French Revolution by igniting the passions of those tryingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution Of The Bastille1841 Words   |  8 PagesThrough the events of the French Revolution, the implications of the fight for justice from 1789 is still visible today around France through slogans such as ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’. The French Revolution was not only important in spreading the notion of democracy in France, but the event also sparked revolutions of the people throughout Europe and South America. These revolutions sought to uphold the principals of the French Revolution in establishing governments that would secure theirRead MoreReasons For The French Revolution1339 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many causes that led to the French Revolution. Class, money, and philosophes were three major facto rs that contributed to the French Revolution. The most important cause was money. These factors resulted in Louis The Sixteenth and Marie Antoinette being executed, and the reign of Napoleon to begin. Class conflicts are a huge component of the French Revolution. The French Revolution began as a result of the lack of the people’s happiness over how they were told to live their lives. ThereRead MoreFrance During The Revolution Or Revolutionary France2011 Words   |  9 PagesDemetrios Zioulis AP European History, Period E 12/19/14 France During the Revolution or Revolutionary France The French Revolution occurred throughout the years of 1789-1799. This revolution played a huge role in the lives of the French people and at the same time influenced other parts of Europe as well. Society changed dramatically after the corrupt King Louis XVI fell, followed by the collapse of the French monarchy. Now, the French people don’t want the rich to have an over abundance of power. TheRead MoreThe French Revolution802 Words   |  4 Pagesstarve and end peoples lives. For example, Louis XIV was an absolute monarch. Bastille Day- Bastille Day in France is celebrated on July 14th.The event is like independence day but in France. The storming of the Bastille was the start of the French Revolution. Bastille was a prison in Paris that this took place. The Third Estate of France fought against the King and Queen to lower taxes. Columbian Exchange- The Columbian Exchange was the trade between America and Europe. Plants, animals, diseasesRead MoreAp Euro Chapter 191602 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 19- French Revolution 1) Describe the 3 estates of France. Who paid the taxes? Who held the wealth and power in France? The first estate was the top 1% of population which is the government, church, and clergy men. They experienced special privileges and paid no taxes. The Second Estate is made up of the 2% of population and included nobility. They experienced special privileges and were taxed lightly. The Third Estate was made p of the common population. They included lawyers

Biomedical Approach Free Essays

Introduction Since the time of Enlightenment, Western ideas of health have been dominated by the biomedical approach. The basis on which these opinions are founded is that an individual is not responsible for their illness and that the mind and body work separately from each other. Health, in the eyes of this approach can be deemed as simply the absence of disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Biomedical Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Part of the reason this vision of health has dominated so much, is that it’s practiced by the majority of the health professionals and is the staple of the care received in hospitals. The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of this system, and to suggest the advantages that using a social model to view health could bring. Discussion Health, is a word that carries a broad spectrum of meanings, it is defined differently in all walks of life. Biomedical health although being the most recognised is not the only approach and has been called by Naidoo and Wills (200, p. 9) â€Å"a narrow view of health†. The social Model contrasts this approach. It focuses on the social and economic factors regarding health and looks at ways to prevent illness before it occurs. Even in the most affluent countries, people who are less well off have substantially shorter life expectancies (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2003), a social view on health would take this information into account, placing emphasis on improving the quality of life to increase life expectancy. Contrastingly the Biomedical method would look at a patient and prescribe necessary medication, although usually being effective in the short term, this would do nothing to stop the person getting ill again as they would return to the same unhealthy lifestyle or environment. This could be seen as impersonal, but this scientific approach can be useful in many scenarios as it has been said by Pearson, Vaughan and FitzGerald(2005, p54) that â€Å"the overriding concern for the patient is for cure and control of his or her disease, and this model gives clear direction in this respect†. The Biomedical Model has strengths in the sense that illnesses are not always caused by environmental or lifestyle related factors. Rather than trying to explain the illness, it searches for a cure. Biomedical science can give instant relief to people who are suffering or in pain, for people involved in accidents and emergency situations this approach is second to none. It accepts accidents are sometimes unavoidable and concentrates on restoring the individual to health in a direct manner. Discarding freak accidents the social model could prove useful. Wilkinson and Marmot(2005, p24) state â€Å"individuals turn to alcohol drugs and tobacco, suffer from their use, but it is influenced by the wider social setting† . Upon taking this statement into account, it could be argued that the social model would have a greater effect in reducing the number of people turning to drugs or alcohol. The biomedical approach would examine the physiology of the situation in an attempt to understand why an individual might become dependent on a drug. The treatment might consist of giving the patient another drug to help them come off the substance they are using, but the social method would encourage support groups or the 12 step method that was first practiced by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). This method was originally brought about in the 70’s and involves patients admitting they are powerless to alcohol and coming to believe that a greater power can restore them to health. Although it had much success, it didn’t take account for those who did not believe in religion. Since then non twelve step programs have been brought about that focus on counselling patients on how to take control of their lives. Many centres that practice this method such as the Narconon Freedom Centre(NFC) claim to have a 70% success rate. It is apparent that both biomedical and social models have their place in treating addicts and biomedical science could definitely benefit from the use of techniques from the social model in this case. Because the term health is subjective it can be defined differently. The Biomedical approach may deem someone who is disabled as unhealthy. The way they would aim to treat, for instance someone who has lost the use of their legs is to give them a wheelchair, if the person then became depressed they might give them medication to alleviate the symptoms of depression. This scientific model is supported by evidence and does work in the sense that disabled people can get medication to decrease pain or equipment to make day to day life easier. The social model however approaches disability in an entirely different manner and Smart (2006-2007)states that â€Å"much of the prejudice and discrimination experienced by people with disabilities occurs not in spite of the Biomedical Model, but because of the Biomedical Model†. It known that disabled people can often be the target of discrimination and stereotyping, perhaps this has something to do with the picture of disability that has een painted by biomedical science. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health it is understandable that people are disposed to think in accordance of its views, but this doesn’t mean that they are always right. â€Å"The profession of medicine has, for centuries, been based on the two outcome paradigm of cure or death and vestiges of t his paradigm are reflected in payment systems. Therefore, after medical stabilization, much of the funding is withdrawn, not taking into consideration the individual’s greatest needs (Yelin, 1992). This quote reiterates the point that the biomedical view may not always be right. The social model in this case would take into account the full recovery of a person so they could return to a desirable quality of life. This is because the social model recognises the fact that if a person is affected by something it can impact on their life socially and economically, which in turn can cause numerous problems such as depression, effect on relationships, stress, and anxiety etc. To see a person as healthy as soon as there condition is stable is a very biomedical approach to the issue, it is possibly unwise to think that as soon as the patient is deemed stable they can return to a normal lifestyle. The possible repercussions of this approach are that many patients will likely return and need more treatment soon after they have left. A potential benefit of using the health model when viewing a situation like the one previously mentioned, is that the patient might be able to receive services like marriage counselling. This is because the social model takes more account of the effects ill health can have on the patients’ social life. If a patient is depressed this might also have an effect on the health of their friends and family meaning that they too may need healthcare for example a depressed patient may take their anger out by being abusive or violent to those around them. This is obviously not good for the family’s health so In the grand scheme of things a social approach may also help in keeping the patients family in good health. â€Å"The cultural identification of the individual is often ignored because the Biomedical Model is based only on biological, organic needs. Psychiatric disabilities, which are highly dependent upon the environment of the individual, are not well-funded. Such environmental accommodations could render the individual highly functional (Wright, 1991). For people with psychiatric disabilities the biomedical approach may help to calm them down or nullify the effects of their illness. However little is done to improve their quality of life and this, it could be argued, seems almost de-humanizing. The model of health would prove useful in this situation by simply creating a nicer environment that will greatly assist the person to return to health. If a return to health is not possible, this improvement in environment would still give the person a much more fulfilling life and help to put the families of patients’ minds at ease. Conclusion On reviewing and comparing the biomedical and social models of health, it can be seen that both models have strengths and weaknesses. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health people trust it because it’s what they are used too.. This approach is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence and knowledge and it can efficiently cure a wide range of illnesses or diseases. However the biomedical model takes little into account for the environment of patients and how this can affect their health. The social model realises that health can be defined in ways other than simply â€Å"the absence of disease†. It also takes into account that all patients’ ideas of health are different and require different treatments. On conclusion it is clear that both models are invaluable and the best means for keeping people healthy and administering care would be through using a combination of both methods. Exact word count:1490 References Alcoholics Anonymous, n. d. The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. [online] Available at: http://www. aa. org/en_pdfs/smf-121_en. pdf [Accessed 18 December 2010] Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R. J. , 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Marmot, M. G. And Wilkinson, R. G. , 2006 Social Detirminants of Health: the Solid Facts 2nd ed, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Naidoo, J. And Wills, J. ,2009 Health Promotion: Foundations for practice 2nd ed. London, Balliere Tindall Narconon Freedom Centre, n. d. [online] Available at: http://www. freedomdrugrehab. om[Accessed 17 december 2010]. Pearson, A. Vaughan, B. and FitzGerald, M. , 2005. Nursing Models for Practice. 3rd ed. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann. Smart, J. , 2006-2007. Challenges to the Biomedical Model of Disability. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy Psychodiagnosis, Volume 12,. p1 Wright, B. A. (1991). Labeling: The need for greater person-environment individuation. In C. R. Snyder D. R. Forsythe (Eds. ), Handboo k of social and clinical pyschology (pp. 469-487). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Yelin, E. H. (1992). Disability and the displaced worker. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University How to cite Biomedical Approach, Papers

Superconductivity Essay Example For Students

Superconductivity Essay SuperconductivityINTRODUCTIONWeve all heard about superconductivity. But, do we all know what it is?How it works and what are its uses? To start talking about superconductivity, wemust try to understand the how normal conductivity works. This will make itmuch easier to understand how the super part functions. In the followingparagraphs, I will explain how superconductivity works, some of the currentproblems and some examples of its uses. CONDUCTIVITYConductivity is the ability of a substance to carry electricity. Somesubstances like copper, aluminium, silver and gold do it very well. They arecalled conductors. Others conduct electricity partially and they are calledsemi-conductors. The concept of electric transmission is very simple tounderstand. The wire that conducts the electric current is made of atoms whichhave equal numbers of protons and electrons making the atoms electricallyneutral. If this balance is disturbed by gain or loss of electrons, the atomswill become electrically charged and are called ions. Electrons occupy energystates. Each level requires a certain amount of energy. For an electron to moveto a higher level, it will require the right amount of energy. Electrons canmove between different levels and between different materials but to do that,they require the right amount of energy and an empty slot in the band theyenter. The metallic conductors have a lot of these slots and this is where thefree e lectrons will head when voltage (energy) is applied. A simpler way to lookat this is to think of atoms aligned in a straight line (wire). if we add anelectron to the first atom of the line, that atom would have an excess ofelectrons so it releases an other electron which will go to the second atom andthe process repeats again and again until an electron pops out from the end ofthe wire. We can then say that conduction of an electrical current is simplyelectrons moving from one empty slot to another in the atoms outer shells. The problem with these conductors is the fact that they do not let all thecurrent get through. Whenever an electric current flows, it encounters someresistance, which changes the electrical energy into heat. This is what causesthe wires to heat. The conductors become themselves like a resistance but anunwanted one. This explains why only 95% of the power generated by an ACgenerator reaches consumers. The rest is converted into useless heat along theway. The conducting wire is made of vibrating atoms called lattice. The higherthe temperature, the more the lattice shakes making it harder for the electronsto travel through that wire. It becomes like a jungle full of obstacles. Someof the electrons will bump with the vibrating atoms and impurities and fly offin all directions and lose energy in form of heat. This is known as friction. This is where superconductivity comes into work. Inside a superconductor, thelattice and the impurities are still there, but their state is much differentfrom that of an ordinary conductor. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (Theory / history)Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, a Dutchphysicist. It is the ability to conduct electricity without resistance andwithout loss. At that time, it took liquid helium to get extremely lowtemperatures to make a substance superconduct, around 4 kelvins. That wasntvery far from absolute Zero (The theoretical temperature at which the atoms andmolecules of a substance lose all of their frantic heat-dependent energy and atwhich all resistance stops short.) Kelvin believed that electrons travelling ina conductor would come to a complete stop as the temperature got close toabsolute zero. But others were not so sure. Kelvin was wrong. The colder it gets,the less the lattice shakes, making it easier for electrons to get through. .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b , .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .postImageUrl , .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b , .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:hover , .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:visited , .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:active { border:0!important; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:active , .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3115bb9cb5b455ab91af10315889864b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Desire Under the Elms EssayTheres one theory that explains best what happens in a superconducting wire:When a conductor is cooled to super low temperatures, the electrons travellinginside it would join up in some way and move as a team. The problem with thisnotion was that electrons carry negative charges and like charges repel. Thisrepulsion would prevent the electrons from forming their team. The answer tothat was phonons. It is believed that packets of sound waves (phonons) that areemitted by the vibrating lattice overcome the electrons natural repulsion makingit possible for them to travel in team. Its as if they were all holding handstogether. If one of them falls in a hole or bumps into something, the precedingelectron would pull him and the following one would push. There was no chanceof getting lost. Since the lattice was cooled, there was less vibration makingit easier for the paired electrons to go through. NEW MATERIALThat theory worked well for the conventional, metallic, low-temperaturesuperconducting materials. But later on, new materials were discovered. Itconducted at temperatures never before dreamed possible. That material wasceramic. What was believed to be an insulator became a superconductor. Thelatest Ceramic material discovered superconducts at 125 Kelvin. This is stillfar away from room temperature but now, liquid nitrogen could be used. It ismuch cheaper than the rare, expensive liquid Helium. Scientists still dont knowhow the new superconductivity works. Some scientists have suggested that the newceramics are new kinds of metals that carry electrical charges, not viaelectrons, but through other charged particles. PROBLEMS / SOLUTIONSThroughout the time, scientists have succeeded in increasing the transitiontemperature which is the temperature required by a material to superconduct. Although they have reached temperatures much higher than 4k, it is stilldifficult to use superconductors in the industry because it is well below roomtemperature. Another problem is the fact that the new ceramic conductors are toofragile. They cannot be bent, twisted, stretched and machined. This makes themreally useless. Scientists are attempting to find a solution to that by tryingto develop composite wires. This means that the superconducting material wouldbe covered by a coating of copper. If the ceramic loses its superconductivity,the copper would take over until the superconductor bounced back. The oldsuperconductors have no problem with being flexible but the required very lowtemperatures remain to be a problem. One good thing about ceramics is the factthat they generate extremely high magnetic fields. The old superconductors useto fail under low magnetic fields but the new ones seem to do well even withextremely high magnetic field applied on them. POSSIBLE USESThe characteristics of a superconductor (low resistance and strong magneticfields) seemed to have many uses. Highly efficient power generators;superpowerful magnets; computers that process data in a flash; supersensitiveelectronic devices for geophysical exploration and military surveillance;economic energy-storage units; memory devices like centimetre-long video tapeswith super conducting memory loops; high definition satellite television; highlyaccurate medical diagnostic equipment; smaller electric motors for shippropulsion; magnetically levitated trains; more efficient particle accelerators;fusion reactors that would generate cheap, clean power; and even electromagneticlaunch vehicles and magnetic tunnels that could accelerate spacecraft to escapevelocity. THE MAGNETICALLY LEVITATED TRAINIn my research, I had the chance to learn how two of these applicationswork: the magnetically levitated train and magnetically propelled ships. First, the magnetically levitated train, a fairly simple but brilliantconcept. That train can reach great speeds since it had no friction with itstrack. The guideway has thousands of electromagnets for levitation set in thefloor along the way. More electromagnets for propulsion are set on the sides ofthe U-shaped track. The superconducting magnets on the train have the samepolarity of the electromagnets of the track, so they push against each other andmake the train float about 4 inches above ground. The interesting concept comeswith propulsion. The operator sends and AC current through the electromagnets onthe sides and can control the speed of the train by changing the frequency ofthe pulses. Supposing that the positive peak reaches the first electromagnet onthe side of the track. That magnet will push the magnet making the train moveforward. When the negative peak reaches that same magnet, the magnet on thetrain would have moved forward so it will be pushed by that same magnet on thetrack and pulled by the following electromagnet on the track, which now has thepositive voltage across it. So the first would be pushing and the second wouldbe pulling. It takes some time to clearly understand what is going on but itbecomes so obvious afterwards. Its as if the train was surfing on waves ofvoltage. .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 , .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .postImageUrl , .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 , .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:hover , .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:visited , .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:active { border:0!important; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:active , .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666 .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc7e9063ae0464bf5e323d8ffd248666:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Storm Analysis EssayTHE MAGSHIPAnother interesting application is what is referred to as the magship. Thisship has no engine, no propellers and no rudder. It has a unique power sourcewhich is electromagnetism. The generator on the boat creates a current whichtravels from one electrode to another which go underwater on each side of theship. This makes the water electrically charged. This only works in salt waterbecause pure water would not conduct the current. The magnets which are locatedon the bottom of the ship would produce a magnetic field which will push thewater away making the ship move forward. There are a lot of problems relatedwith that. The magnetic field co uld attract metallic objects and even otherships causing many accidents. CONCLUSIONAs time goes by, transition temperature, critical field (maximum magneticfield intensity that a superconductor can support before failing), currentcapacity and all other problems are improving slowly. But, at least they showthat we are moving in the right direction. A lot of people are gettinginterested in that field since it promises a lot for the future. Science

Kentucky Fried Chicken History free essay sample

The company operates with five long-term measures identified as essentials of corporate growth and progress .. 1 International Expansion Yum! Brands number-one goal is to drive global expansion with its category- leading brands. In 2002, the company opened a record 1,051 new international estaurants and increased international system sales 9% prior to foreign currency conversion. 2. Multibrand Innovation Expansion Yum! Brands is the worldwide leader in multibranding, offering consumers more choice and convenience at one restaurant location from a combination of two of the companys brands. The company and its franchisees today operate over 1,975 multibrand restaurants, generating over $2 billion in annual system sales. Approximately 350 new systemwide multibrand restaurants were opened in 2002. 3. Portfolio of Category-Leading U. S. Brands U. S. ystemwide same-store sales increased approximately 4% while U. S. same-store sales at company restaurants increased approximately 2% in 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Kentucky Fried Chicken History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Global Franchise Fees Global franchise fees, a significant factor in annual profits and cash flow, grew 6% to $866 million. Global franchise net restaurant growth was 2% in 2002. 5. Strong Cash Generation and Returns Yum! Brands generated over $1. 3 billion in cash from all sources in 2002, more than fully funding capital expenditure needs, allowing free cash flow for share repurchase, and some repayment of debt. Return on invested capital is 18%, in the estaurant industrys top tier. Culture Big on diversity in the workplace Promotes differences in background, ethnic cultures, and values oriented environment Focuses on teaching everybody something new Promotes unity in the workplace Team- Focuses on building relationships and creating diversity and commitment within the company and amongst employees and customers Organizational Structure and Design KFC is part of a divisional structure, which is Yum! Brands, Inc. Long John Silvers, AW, Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut are the other divisions Offers positions to change and growth KFC works to bring recognition and money to Yum! Brands, Human Resource Management We wont make you wing it is KFCs motto when it comes to training employees. Training includes: 1) Workbooks 2) Quizzes 3) On-the-Job competency based training Employees are encouraged to work together as a team their people grow to their highest potential interesting and exciting for workers Social Responsibility KFC is committed to making sure KFC does their best to make the Job KFC has made it their responsibility to consumers that they will provide quality chicken in a fast, efficient way. They also say that their meat comes about ethically and through humane treatment. This has not always proved true in the past, since the PETA has become involved with their warehouses that grow the chickens. KFC has made statements to the patrons of KFC, though, that the chickens will not be treated badly in the progression from birth to the processing plant. KFC sponsors a reward for senior citizens, those who live life to the fullest and are recognized in their community KFC also has the Colonels Kids program, a charity organization that helps kids become educated and grow up in a better world han that which they have known. It addresses the child care crisis and steps up to the plate to help out where possible. Scholarships and diversity programs are a part of KFCs social responsibility as well Recently, the PETA group secretly recorded a worker at the Pilgrims Pride, one of the processing plants, beating a live chicken against the wall in order to kill it. As soon as KFC was notified of this treatment, they immediately submitted a written statement saying that the treatment was appalling and took action immediately, placing an animal welfare expert at the plant to ensure he ethical, humane treatment of the chickens. The statement said that: We do not tolerate animal abuse by any of our suppliers, under any circumstance. KFC also told the company Pilgrims Pride that, unless they can definitively assure us there are absolutely no abuses taking place, we will not purchase from this Moorefield, West Virginia, facility. PETA says that more action should be taken, but KFC has done all it can to ensure that people are happy with the facilities and means by which their food comes about.

Jacob A. Lawrence essays

Jacob A. Lawrence essays 1. Born September 17, 1917 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the oldest of three children living with a single mother. 2. His mother enrolled him in an after-school program run by painter Charles Alston, who had great influence on his artistic development. 1. He secured a two-year scholarship to the American Arts School in New 2. In 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the U. S. Coast Guard, where he was assigned to the first racially integrated ship in U. S. naval history, traveling to Italy, England, Egypt and India during his tour of duty. 1. In 1971, he accepted a tenured position at the University of Washington, serving as the head of the Art Department, and retiring as professor emeritus in 1986. 2. Died on June 9, 2000 at the age of 82 at his home in Seattle, Washington. 1. The Migrations of the Negro series (60 panels) shows the migration of over a million African Americans from the South to industrial cities in the North between 1910 and 1940. 2. The Harlem series (over 30 paintings) completed in 1943 has been lauded by critics as being even more successful than the Migrations panels. 3. Today, his works can be found in almost 200 museum collections. 1. National Medal of Arts received from Pres. George Bush in 1990. 2. First visual artist to receive the Springarn Medal, the NAACPs highest honor in 1970. 3. More than 18 honorary doctorate degrees from universities, including Harvard, Yale and Howard. 1. First African American artist to be represented by a major commercial gallery. 2. First African American artist to receive sustained mainstream recognition in the United States. ...

Jacob A. Lawrence essays

Jacob A. Lawrence essays 1. Born September 17, 1917 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the oldest of three children living with a single mother. 2. His mother enrolled him in an after-school program run by painter Charles Alston, who had great influence on his artistic development. 1. He secured a two-year scholarship to the American Arts School in New 2. In 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the U. S. Coast Guard, where he was assigned to the first racially integrated ship in U. S. naval history, traveling to Italy, England, Egypt and India during his tour of duty. 1. In 1971, he accepted a tenured position at the University of Washington, serving as the head of the Art Department, and retiring as professor emeritus in 1986. 2. Died on June 9, 2000 at the age of 82 at his home in Seattle, Washington. 1. The Migrations of the Negro series (60 panels) shows the migration of over a million African Americans from the South to industrial cities in the North between 1910 and 1940. 2. The Harlem series (over 30 paintings) completed in 1943 has been lauded by critics as being even more successful than the Migrations panels. 3. Today, his works can be found in almost 200 museum collections. 1. National Medal of Arts received from Pres. George Bush in 1990. 2. First visual artist to receive the Springarn Medal, the NAACPs highest honor in 1970. 3. More than 18 honorary doctorate degrees from universities, including Harvard, Yale and Howard. 1. First African American artist to be represented by a major commercial gallery. 2. First African American artist to receive sustained mainstream recognition in the United States. ...

Cause and Effect Essay - McDonalds Causes More Deaths than Terrorists

It was probably inevitable that one day people would start suing McDonald's for making them fat. That day came this summer, when New York lawyer Samuel Hirsch filed several lawsuits against McDonald's, as well as four other fast-food companies, on the grounds that they had failed to adequately disclose the bad health effects of their menus. One of the suits involves a Bronx teenager who tips the scale at 400 pounds and whose mother, in papers filed in U.S. District Court in Manhattan, said, "I always believed McDonald's food was healthy for my son." Uh-huh. And the tooth fairy really put that dollar under his pillow. But once you've stopped sniggering at our litigious society, remember that it once seemed equally ludicrous that smokers could successfully sue tobacco companies for their addiction to cigarettes. And while nobody is claiming that Big Macs are addictive -- at least not yet -- the restaurant industry and food packagers have clearly helped give many Americans the roly-poly shape they have today. This is not to say that the folks in the food industry want us to be fat. But make no mistake: When they do well economically, we gain weight. It wasn't always thus. There was a time when a trip to McDonald's seemed like a treat and when a small bag of French fries, a plain burger and a 12-ounce Coke seemed like a full meal. Fast food wasn't any healthier back then; we simply ate a lot less of it. How did today's oversized appetites become the norm? It didn't happen by accident or some inevitable evolutionary process. It was to a large degree the result of consumer manipulation. Fast food's marketing strategies, which make p d McDonald's just suffered its first quarterly loss since the company went public 47 years ago. The obvious direction to go is down, toward what nutritional policymakers are calling "smart-sizing." Or at least it should be obvious, if food purveyors cared as much about helping Americans slim down as they would have us believe. Instead of urging Americans to "Get Active, Stay Active" -- Pepsi Cola's new criticism-deflecting slogan -- how about bringing back the 6.5-ounce sodas of the '40s and '50s? Or, imagine, as Critser does, the day when McDonald's advertises Le Petit Mac, made with high-grade beef, a delicious whole-grain bun and hawked by, say, Serena Williams. One way or another, as Americans wake up to the fact that obesity is killing nearly as many citizens as cigarettes are, jumbo burgers and super-size fries will seem like less of a bargain.

Slavery and Race in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slavery and Race in the USA - Essay Example 'Racism' started its origin from the field of sports when baseball distinguished between two teams, 'blacks' and 'whites'. The teams used to show sense of honour when the communities to which they represented, win. It was due to the separate block of black institutions that caused feelings of a separate 'race' among black Americans. Kelly & Lewis (2000) writes that it was the utmost efforts of those segregated institutions to exclude black community from every walk of American life including education, jobs, civil services etc. Even the situation got worse when in many cases it was observed that African Americans started paying heavy taxes and duties in order to acquire public facilities which were free of cost for Americans, hence the Great War was an eye opening occurrence for blacks, after which they realised to be a separate identity from that of whites, and that whites never accepted them. The main reason was the 'stamp' of slavery on blacks, for which the whites still considere d them as slaves. World War I where on one hand infused the spirit of 'democracy' among African Americans, on the other hand it remain failed to cope up with the segregated units, which started building among blacks and whites. Blacks possessed the view, which negated the presence of any skin colour, so they expected whites to behave with them in accordance with equality and justice. Hence the new understanding of social relations of the world war rights era authorised African Americans thereby giving new dimensions of race, class and ethnicity. Worst situations were created after Afro- Americans started getting urbanised. After the new perception which whites taught the blacks, blacks considered white Americans to be their worst opponents, which would never turn into their allies. The main reason behind such attitude was the experience of blacks which majority acquired. Collins (2004) writes that blacks were directly or indirectly affected by the racial discrimination identified by whites. World War I infused a new seed of hatred that strengthened the bond of 'racial discrimination' among the whites and blacks. In 1930s racial discrimination went on its peak after blacks joined umpteen gangs who used to create violence among those areas influenced by whites' majority. According to Collins (2004) 1 "African Americans were often accused of the crime of raping White women which resulted in lynching". (Collins, 2004, p. 222) Such violent acts gave rise to many civil rights organisations like NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) and National Urban League, which worked, for the rights of black communities. Harlem Renaissance Among the major problems created by World War was the urbanisation of African Americans due to the isolation they were confronted to. This isolation created classes among various black groups. The whites already did the segregation, now the rest of the task was carried out by black ghettos. Urbanisation increased the emergence of a gay, lesbian, and bisexual presence within urban African American communities. (Collins,

Contemporary Moral Problems of Nanotechnologies Essay - 1

Contemporary Moral Problems of Nanotechnologies - Essay Example As a result, the technology is rife with risks and corresponding hazards. The field entails numerous unanticipated effects that could be disastrous not just for people and the environment but for the technology itself as uncertainty impacts development and its regulation. Unit II outlined the conceptual apparatus that is designed to explain and address this challenge. The first component was risk. As has been explained, much of nanotechnology is still within the area of speculation and that the risks are nothing different. These risks, which are seen to impact the environment and human health especially, were classified first by the authors into four: unwanted event that may or may not occur; the cause of an event that may or may not occur; the probability of an unwanted event which may or may not occur; and, the expected outcome of unwanted events. (Alhoff, Lin & Moore 2010, p. 74) Clearly, all the classified risks are not clearly identified especially the first two as they both are qualitative in nature. The unwanted event as cited is quite ambiguous because there is an uncertainty as to its occurrence. It may or may not happen. There is a clear sense of unknowing, which, in itself, constitutes a great part of the risks already. After the risks, the precautionary principles were outlined. The fundamental issue in this respect is the fact that there are numerous suggestions being put forward and, worse, no consensus with regards to how to prevent risks. The UNESCO’s position, however, was given due importance, which states that â€Å"when human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions shall be taken to avoid or diminish that harm.† (Alhoff & Lin 2008, p. 80) Regulation, however, claimed some semblance of common ground in the debate. Unit II was clear on the fact that regulations on nanotechnology vary across the world that is why what they have outlined was a conceptual analysis of t he general debate and did not dwell on specific policy recommendations. A significant portion of this discourse was devoted to the pros and cons of the Stricter-Law argument, which posits that most laws relevant to nanotechnology are already outdated and that it is possible that they can no longer mitigate the risks involved; hence, new laws and regulations must be enacted to remedy the issue. (Alhoff, Lin & Moore, p. 103) Other alternatives cited were a total ban on nanotechnology, maintaining the status quo, and some interim solution that would perhaps balance all concerns and interests of as much stakeholders as possible. The final component of the conceptual apparatus was the equity and access to nanotechnology. It has been argued that it has tremendous potential that could revolutionize the way people live and perhaps solve many human and environmental problems across the globe. This, in combination, with the various elements found in Unit II as cited here, is roughly similar t o an attempt to depict a loose cost-benefit analysis wherein the risks and advantages are set side by side each other in order to determine the best course of action on how to treat nanotechnology as a discipline and how to judge it in ethical and moral terms. Part II: Use the conceptual apparatus you reconstructed in Part I to evaluate the ethical and social implications of one of the applications of nanotechnology we engaged in Unit III. In determining the ethical and s

Identifying Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Identifying Bacteria Essay Bacteria identification is accomplished in a number of ways. Two common tools microbiologists use to identify unknown bacteria include dichotomous key and biochemical tests. The dichotomous key is useful when a microbiologist only needs to know which group an unknown microbe belongs to on a general level. When a microbiologist needs to identify a specific bacterium, biochemical tests are used. PART ONE: GENERAL BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION Review the dichotomous key in Figure A, the bacterial shapes in Figure B, and the Gram stain information below. You will use all three to determine to which major group unknown bacteria belong. Gram Stain Results: Purple = Gram positive Red = Gram negative Neither purple nor red = No cell wall (neither Gram positive nor Gram negative) Review Figure C on the following page. Use Figure C to identify the type of arrangement displayed by the unknown bacteria. Read through the Sample Identification on the following page for an example of how to identify bacterial groups and arrangements using Figures A, B, C, and the Gram stain results. Sample Identification After performing a Gram stain, you observe the following under a microscope: (Cells are stained red.) Begin with item 1 on the dichotomous key (Figure A). Because the organisms  are red, they are not Gram-positive. According to the key, continue to item 3. Because the organism is red (not clear or another color), it is indeed Gram-negative according to item 3. The key directs you to item 5. Consider the shape of individual cells for item 5. According to Figure B, the shape type is closest to spherical. (Note: spherical is circular.) The bacteria belong to the Gram-negative cocci group. Now use Figure C to describe arrangement of bacteria. (The bacteria are not rod- or club-shaped, so focus on the cocci arrangements.) Identify the arrangement that is most prominent. The bacteria are arranged in a diplo- fashion. Enter the group and arrangement in the table. Application Use Figures A, B, C, and Gram stain results to identify group and arrangement of bacteria. Continue to Part Two after completing the table. View from Microscope Group of Bacteria Arrangement (stained red) Gram-negative cocci Diplo- (stained purple) (stained purple) (stained red) (stained red) (stained purple) (stained purple) PART TWO: CAse study scenario: identify specific bacteria through biochemical testing To gain an understanding of the processes involved with identifying bacteria through biochemical tests, access Chapter 6 of the text in WileyPlus located on the Week One course page. Once in WileyPlus (Chapter 6), select the â€Å"Bacterial Identification by API† link located under the heading, Take Another Look. Once selected, review the information and watch the Flash-animated movie (animation) located within this link. Then, review the following scenario and answer the questions that follow. Case Study A recent outbreak of food poisoning has occurred in a community. One possible source of contamination may be the produce that is grown and distributed locally at a farmer’s market. A test sample of some of the produce revealed evidence of bacterial contamination. The bacteria sample was tested in a microbiology lab and showed the results that follow. The laboratory also performed a Gram stain of the isolated bacteria and ran a number of biochemical tests to aid identification. The biochemical tests were assayed using the Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative bacteria. Figure 1. Microbiology laboratory results – Unknown bacteria present on produce (API Results) Figure 2. API Results of Unknown Bacteria in Text Format Gram stain: Gram-negative Based on Gram stain results and the knowledge that this bacterium caused food poisoning, the laboratory is able to narrow down the possibilities to three bacterial strains. Figure 3 shows the API results: Figure 3. API Results of Known Bacterial Strains in Text Format Gram stain Application Compare the API biochemical test results in Figure 2 (unknown bacteria from  produce) with API test results in Figure 3 (known bacterial strains identified in the gray boxes on the left). The bacterial strain in Figure 3 that matches Figure 2 will identify the bacterial strain causing illness. Based upon your observations, which of the bacteria in Figure 3 is the most likely cause of the food poisoning outbreak?

Euclid :: essays research papers

Little is know about Euclid, the father of geometry. Records show that he lived somewhere around 300 B.C. He was a Greek mathematician and is probably best known for his work Elements. Since little is known about the personal life of Euclid, it is difficult to do a biography on him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His chief work, entitled Elements, is a comprehensive essay on mathematics. It includes 13 volumes that entail such subjects as plane geometry, dealing with the properties of flat surfaces and of planar figures, such as the triangle; proportion in general, a particular kind of relation between groups of numbers or quantities; the properties of numbers; incommensurable magnitudes; and solid geometry, branch of geometry that deals with the properties and measurement of geometric figures in three-dimensional space. Some people say that the geometrical sections of Elements were actually rearrangements of Exodus previous work. However Euclid himself is said to have made several discoveries in his Number Theory, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of numbers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most historians believe Euclid was educated at Athens. His teachers may have included pupils of Plato, who was a philosopher and one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy. Euclid thought geometry in Alexandria and opened a school of mathematics there. He also wrote Data, which was a collection of geometrical theorems; Phenomena, a description of the heavens; and The Division of the Scale, which is a mathematical discussion of music. But yet again many historians believe many of these works (other than the Elements) were spuriously credited to him, others disagree and say that indeed his works are that of his own. Euclid's Elements was used as a text for 2000 years, and even today a modified version of its first few books forms the basis of high school instruction in plane geometry.

Courtroom Workgroups Essay

In The United States criminal justice system the informal arrangement between a criminal prosecutor, criminal defense attorney, and the judicial officeris called a courtroom work group. The courtroom workgroup was proposed by Eisenstein and Jacob in 1977 to explain their observations of the ways courts, especially lower level courts, actually come to decisions. This foundational concept in the academic discipline of criminal justice identifies the seemingly opposing courtroom participants as collaborators in â€Å"doing justice.† Efficient courtroom workgroups seek to process cases rather than dispense justice. Because the courtroom workgroup deviates from the public idea of how justice works, it has developed a irregular set of virtues to continue its work and ease daily life for its participants. The academic theory of the courtroom workgroup has four cornerstone concepts that recognize this fact: Speed, Pragmatic Cynicism, Collegiality, and Secrecy. This has been proved to greater and lesser extents in different courts. Defendants are assumed to be guilty. The procedural merits of the case are the true determinative factors of an outcome. Prosecutors and defense attorneys engage in a comparison of charges against possible procedural flaws and possible defenses to determine at the going rate for a crime. These factors are used to figure out how much punishment the plea bargain will offer. For example, group relationships and the desire to â€Å"keep† a healthy working relationship are important to gr oup members. The workings of the courtroom group and the â€Å"going rate† for given crimes are not matters for public disclosure. Estimates can be given to clients, but usually uttered in terms of the prosecution’s willingness to negotiate. (Summarized by O’Connor, T.R., 2005) The courtroom workgroup is a tool for prosecutorial discretion. Many different techniques are used to convince the defendant that the evidence against him or her is overwhelming. The defendant may be persuaded to plead guilty to a few of the charges in return for not being prosecuted for the remaining charges. To convince the defendant that the risk of not pleading guilty is intolerable, â€Å"charge stacking† is a process by which police and prosecutors create a case with numerous charges or numerous instances of the  same charge to convince the defendant that the risk of not pleading guilty is intolerable. Many indirect pressures come together to boost participation in the courtroom workgroup. Defense attorneys in public defender offices often do not have enough time to prepare a case in detail for all of their clients. Further, they often do not have the budget to fully investigate the facts of a case through either staff or private investigators. They often must rely solely on police reports for such information. In some jurisdictions, clients do not meet their attorneys until they are in court. Typically, public defenders will meet briefly with clients in holding facilities or jails. The defense attorney defends his or her client by seeking less punishment. The courtroom workgroup is, in some sense, a response to a lack of resources for public defenders. Huemann (1977) indicates that many defense attorneys feel pressured to keep up with their caseloads. This pressure can be revealed in the courtroom through disapproval by the judge for delays. Many indirect pressures come together to boost participation in the courtroom workgroup. While many of the higher level prosecutions still follow the model, there is evidence that lower-level proceedings follow the courtroom workgroup model. The thought of a courtroom workgroup is associated with plea bargaining. The courtroom workgroup shows significant analytical power in overburdened courts dealing with large caseloads. The courtroom workgroup model is best suited to explain jurisdictions where defense attorneys are more or less permanently assigned, but even occasionally appointed lawyers can participate in these practices. Boland, Brady, Tyson, & Bassler (1983) indicate that approximately 90 percent of criminal cases are settled by plea bargain. This figure appears to be stable over the last twenty years (Rainville & Reaves, 2003). Some collaborative efforts on the part of the courtroom workgroup simply must be present to facilitate this high percentage of pleas. Sources Boland, B., Brady, E., Tyson, H., & Bassler, J. (1983). The prosecution of felony arrests. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Eisenstein, J. & Jacob, H. (1977). Felony Justice: An organizational analysis of  criminal courts. Boston : Little & Brown. Huemann, M. (1977). Plea bargaining: The experiences of prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Il. O’Connor, T.R. (2005). Court organizational issues: The courtroom workgroup. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/417/417lect12.htm Rainville, G. & Reaves, B.A. (2003). Felony defendants in large urban counties. Washington D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Effect temperature on permeability of membrane

The beet (Beta vulgar's) is a plant in the Chenopodiaceae family. It is best known in its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is probably the red or urple root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet.However, other cultivated varieties include the leaf vegetables chardand spinach beet, as well as the root vegetables sugar beet, which is important in the production of table sugar, and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivated varieties fall into the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgar's, while Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, commonly known as the sea beet, is the wild ancestor of hese and is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Near East, andlndia.A second wild subspecies, Beta vulgaris subsp. adanensis, occurs from Greece to Syria. Beetroot cells like any other eukaryotic cells have many types of cell organelle present. Some of these organelles are bounded by a sing le membrane, e. g. lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles; some are bounded by two membranes (an envelope), e. g. nucleus, mitochondrion. Beetroot appears as a dark red/ purple colour and this is caused by the betalain pigment, which is contained ithin the vacuole of beetroot cells.In order for the betalain to leave the cell it needs to pass through 2 different membranes; the membrane bounding the vacuole and the membrane enclosing the cell. Betalain pigments, named after the Red beet (Beta vulgaris). They replace anthocyanins in plants of the order Caryophyllales (Cacti, beets & Co. , bougainvillaea, phytolacca, large-flowered purslane etc and also in some fungi such as fly agaric). Two categories of betalains exist and each have distinct color and chemical properties.Betacyanins convey a blue-violent to reddish-purple coloring, are a source of antioxidants and are susceptible to color changes depending antioxidants and are relatively stable. Betalains are found exclusively within on e plant order, which includes beets, prickly pear cactus, chard and amaranth. Betanin is a specific betacyanin and the most prominent pigment in the red beet root where it contributes between 75% – 90% of the total visible color. Plasma membrane Plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells rom the outside environment.The cell membrane is selectively-permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling. The plasma membrane also serves as the attachment surface for the extracellular glycocalyx and cell wall and intracellular cytoskeleton. Plasma membrane proteins function in several different ways.

Free Essays on Suv Safety

The Path to Safety I drive a 1990 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cierra. It’s getting quite old and I will soon be looking for a new car. One type of car I want to look at is a Sport Utility Vehicle. I am attracted to the roomy interiors and higher rides that are commonly found in SUVs. Also, my friends and my parents think that they are safer than other cars because they are heavier and ride higher. Safety is a big concern of mine and I have wondered my friends and family are correct. I decided to do some research to answer the question: Are SUVs safer than other cars? SUV sales have skyrocketed since 1980 at about 250,000 sales per year to now at about three million sales per year. The Ford Explorer was one of the most popular SUVs of the 1990’s and helped boost the craze for SUVs. Currently there are about 73 different models of the popular vehicle and account for 25% of the new car market. An SUV is basically a light or medium truck molded into a new shape because most SUVs are built on truck chassis. Trucks are built to withstand off road terrains so they have a higher ride and more rigid chassis and is why SUVs are higher off the ground. Since most SUVs have a higher ride, they have a higher center of gravity. This makes them more prone to rollover which is one reason that makes SUVs more dangerous than other cars. Rollover deaths increased nearly 10% from 2001 to 2002 which was the largest increase out of any other type of vehicle. SUV rollover accidents account for a small amount of car crashes. Only 3% of accidents are from SUV rollovers but the shocking number is in the deaths. SUV rollovers cause 30% of vehicular deaths. Furthermore, because of the way SUVs are built, the government classifies them as light trucks or medium trucks. This means they are held to less stringent safety standards than other passenger cars. SUVs that weigh more than 6,000 pounds are held to weaker standards for side impacts a... Free Essays on Suv Safety Free Essays on Suv Safety The Path to Safety I drive a 1990 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cierra. It’s getting quite old and I will soon be looking for a new car. One type of car I want to look at is a Sport Utility Vehicle. I am attracted to the roomy interiors and higher rides that are commonly found in SUVs. Also, my friends and my parents think that they are safer than other cars because they are heavier and ride higher. Safety is a big concern of mine and I have wondered my friends and family are correct. I decided to do some research to answer the question: Are SUVs safer than other cars? SUV sales have skyrocketed since 1980 at about 250,000 sales per year to now at about three million sales per year. The Ford Explorer was one of the most popular SUVs of the 1990’s and helped boost the craze for SUVs. Currently there are about 73 different models of the popular vehicle and account for 25% of the new car market. An SUV is basically a light or medium truck molded into a new shape because most SUVs are built on truck chassis. Trucks are built to withstand off road terrains so they have a higher ride and more rigid chassis and is why SUVs are higher off the ground. Since most SUVs have a higher ride, they have a higher center of gravity. This makes them more prone to rollover which is one reason that makes SUVs more dangerous than other cars. Rollover deaths increased nearly 10% from 2001 to 2002 which was the largest increase out of any other type of vehicle. SUV rollover accidents account for a small amount of car crashes. Only 3% of accidents are from SUV rollovers but the shocking number is in the deaths. SUV rollovers cause 30% of vehicular deaths. Furthermore, because of the way SUVs are built, the government classifies them as light trucks or medium trucks. This means they are held to less stringent safety standards than other passenger cars. SUVs that weigh more than 6,000 pounds are held to weaker standards for side impacts a...

Is the Arab world changing for the better) Research Paper

Is the Arab world changing for the better) - Research Paper Example If ever Qatar does not agree, Saudi Arabia may push for economic sanctions and limits in the use of air space as well as borders1. Although this may involve a bitter conflict, the fact that Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Middle East are opposed to terrorism means that terrorism is never viewed in the same way by all Muslim countries, and so it is not related to religion. Inspiration through sports is another proof that some Arab countries are improving. Particularly, in Afghanistan, where the Afghan national football team won their first trophy ever on September 11, 2013, many Afghans especially young ones were inspired to either play football or engage in sports. In fact, an official who works for the HAFO, or the Humanitarian Assistance and Facilitating Organization, based in Kabul, said, â€Å"Afghans are hard-working and their talents make them winners†2. As this can serve to inspire those in the other Arab countries, this event is indeed another proof that the Arab world is getting better. Although the HAFO may have overlooked the influence of culture and religion on the Afghans, certainly it has given them a very good and very healthy alternative in the name of sports. The Arab world is also improving in terms of safety for everyone. The Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia met on August 26, 2013 and agreed on banning all kinds of abuse, whether these are physical, psychological, sexual or even in the form of threat. The sanctions are strict but the law itself needs a few changes in terms of vocabulary, according to Amnesty International3. Safety in Saudi Arabia can possibly inspire other Middle Eastern countries to do the same thing until there comes a time when even domestic workers to these countries are not any more looked upon with contempt or discrimination. A fourth proof of improvement in the Arab world shows in the increasing concern

To What Extent Does the Current Use of Imprisonment as Crime Control Research Paper

To What Extent Does the Current Use of Imprisonment as Crime Control Reinforce Existing Inequalities and Segregation in the UK and the USA - Research Paper Example Traditionally imprisonment has been used – along with other crime prevention/ punishment measures - in order to control crime within a specific region. However, the terms under which the specific policy has been applied around the world have not been quite clear up to now. In any case, mass imprisonment has been found to be related to specific social ‘characteristics, like the unemployment, gender, and race. On the other hand, despite the fact that a series of measures have been taken by the British and the USA government regarding the improvement of the terms of mass imprisonment, still, the specific measure enforces inequalities among the population. It could be stated that the terms of mass imprisonment that are currently applied present many similarities with the ones used in the past. In accordance with Hallett (2002) ‘due to late 20th-century imprisonment policies, a renewed understanding of prisoners as commodities has emerged; the historical pattern of raci ally distinct commerce in imprisoned human beings, most of whom are poor, non-violent, minority offenders, has returned’ (Hallett, 2002, 369). The terms of mass imprisonment applied today would be improved so that inequalities are no longer enforced; but this target is a challenging task – especially if taking into account the resources (employees, funds, and technology) required. The development of technology in the developed countries around the world – including the USA and the UK – has not necessarily led to the improvement of the terms of justice or the limitation of inequalities in the society. The above fact is clear through the studies and the findings presented below.Current use of imprisonment as crime control and reinforcing of existing inequalities and segregation in the UK and the USA

White plc report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

White plc report - Essay Example Projects with higher values than the weighted average cost of capital should be accepted. In the case of White plc, the case of this method will help the company since the company dealt with materials handling equipments which belongs to the medium risk industry. The company firstly dealt with just one type of business risk i.e. medium risk. Thus this method has been very useful for the company allowing the company to correctly and accurately use the weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate. b) Redeemable Debentures: In this type the face value of the debentures is repaid to the debentures holders at the end of a particular period. The interest is also paid over this period to the debenture holders (CBDD, 2008). ii) After Tax: It is essential to understand that an important difference between the equity and debt is the interest payment on the debt capital can be reduced from the profits as an expense before charging the tax. In this case the net after the tax will be lower due to the tax savings. It is essential to understand that the cost of redeemable debt and the irredeemable debt would normally remain the same in perfect capital markets for organizations with similar characteristics like the risk, size, earnings, etc. However these will differ in a few cases where the markets are imperfect, the securities offered are different, the business risk that has been anticipated is different and lastly the gearing of the company is higher due to reasons like bankruptcy and financial risks (Scribd, 2008). This method takes into account the risk of a project. The discount rate consists of a) the risk free rate and b) risk premium. The risk adjusted rate is used along with the net present value to obtain the risk adjusted NPV (RANPV) (Free Dictionary, 2008). The methods to calculate the project beta: a) direct estimate

Education the New Form of Segregation Assignment

Education the New Form of Segregation - Assignment Example The assignment "Education the New Form of Segregation" analyzes the article "A Future Segregated By Science? The Opinion Pages" by M.C. Blow. Blow in his article suggests that there is a new emerging parameter under which the American society is being divided based on science and STEM-based education and employment.The author directs our attention to the development and progress of historical injustices such as economic disenfranchisement of the African Americans. The article presents irrefutable facts such as the chronology of the growth of the STEM jobs in the coming decade. The projection of the growth of STEM jobs is more impending than non-STEM jobs. The main strength of the article is the statistical evidence. Blow systematically explored the data presented from credible institutions such as the national math and science initiative and the USA today. He assesses the admission and interest that black and monitories have in STEM-related courses and subjects. The research in the a rticle shows that the black population receives about 7% of all STEM-related bachelor’s degrees and even lower number of these professions gets hired. About 6% blacks and other minorities such as Hispanics hold STEM jobs in most of the prestigious companies and leading institutions. The weakness in the article is that the argument of the author fails to offer a solution on how best to improve on diversity in the workplace. Blow compares gainful employment to access the achievements of the black race and other minorities.

Business Essays Entrepreneurs Business Knowledge

Business Essays Entrepreneurs Business Knowledge Entrepreneurs Business Knowledge Literature Review Several studies have shown that entrepreneurial ventures are one of the main contributors of new firms (Storey 1994). An increasing number of people in the UK are starting or are considering starting up their own business. These individuals are commonly known as ‘entrepreneurs’. The word entrepreneur was of French origin which evolved into meanings such as people who take risks, and founders of businesses (Hennessy 1980). They have evolved from simple merchants to more sophisticated corporate men. Entrepreneurs can also be defined as ‘people who organise and manage a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of profit’ (yourdictionary.com 2008), however there is much more to entrepreneurship than a simple definition. There are different types of entrepreneurs who possess certain traits that make them successful in business. Research carried out by Kortschak (2008) discusses five traits that successful entrepreneur’s small and medium-sized companies share: Making strategic decisions based on limited data – good entrepreneurs tend to make decisions based on 80% of the data they have to hand, as they understand that waiting to learn more could mean a missed opportunity. Learning from mistakes – this trait is often seen in serial entrepreneurs who have experienced one or more business failures, which they often learn more from that mistake than the success. Understanding their own weaknesses – the best entrepreneurs understand their area of expertise, strengths, and weaknesses. Even though they have a general understanding of other disciplines they realise they lack knowledge in other areas for example, technical. In this case the successful entrepreneur would hire experts who can complement their skills. Spot patterns and key data – Kortschak (2008) identifies that the common environment in which an entrepreneur enters is dynamic where the structure of the industry, the nature of the customer base, or they overall way of doing business has not yet been determined. Successful entrepreneurs who run their companies are generally confident in building structure where none is in place; in addition to identifying patterns they are able to separate relevant information from irrelevant data. Partnering successfully with others – success in business is mainly about partnership. It is important for an entrepreneur to communicate well with others to work with fellow partners in agreeing business decisions and to communicate well with their team in accomplishing business objectives. Poor communication and being unable to work with others results in an unsuccessful business. It has been said many times that there is an entrepreneur behind every successful business. This can be due to a number of reasons but the one that many tend to overlook is personalities. One of the reasons for most successes is that the entrepreneur with the right personality and attitude was right for that particular business, for example, Bill Gates was seen as ‘The Visionary’ for his innovative ideas, and Anita Roddick, founder of Body Shop was seen as ‘The Improver’ as she wanted to improve the environment using natural ingredients in her products and ridding harsh chemicals and animal testing of cosmetics. Zahorsky (2008) identifies that there are nine personality types of entrepreneurs: The Improver – with this personality type the entrepreneur is more focused on using their company as a means to improve the world / environment. They have an ability to run their business with high integrity and ethics. Example of an entrepreneur, Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop. The Advisor – this business personality types provides a high level of assistance and advice to customers. The motto with this personality type is the customer is right and everything must be done to please them. This personality types build their companies to become customer focused. Example of an entrepreneur, John Nordstrom, Founder of Nordstrom. The Superstar – with this personality type the business is normally centred around the charisma and high energy of the superstar CEO and more than often the business is built around the entrepreneurs own personal brand. Example of an entrepreneur, Donald Trump, CEO of Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts. The Artist – with this personality type the entrepreneur will tend to build their business around the unique talents and creativities they posses for other businesses demanding creativity such as web design. Example of entrepreneur, Scott Adams, creator of Dilbert. The Visionary – an entrepreneur with the visionary personality type will most likely be based on the future vision and thoughts of the founder. This personality type will have a high degree of curiosity to understand the world around you and set up plans to avoid the problems. Example of entrepreneur, Bill Gates, Founder of Microsoft Inc. The Analyst – this personality type is often the basis for science, engineering, or computing firms that are well known for problem solving. The entrepreneur possessing this personality type will run their business as an analyst and always focus on fixing problems in a logical way. Example of entrepreneur, Gordon Moore, Intel Founder. The Fireball – the entrepreneur with this personality type will be full of life, energy, and optimism. Their company would make customers feel the firm has a ‘get it done’ attitude in a fun way. Example of entrepreneur, Malcolm Forbes, Publisher, Forbes Magazine. The Hero – the business run by the hero personality type would have an incredible will and ability to lead their company through any challenge and can assemble great companies. Example of entrepreneur, Jack Welch, CEO GE. The Healer – the healer personality provides nurturing and harmony to their business and an ability to survive with an inner calm. Example of entrepreneur, Ben Cohen, Co-Founder of Ben Jerry’s Ice Cream. An entrepreneur’s business personality types and traits are some of the key success factors that blend with the needs of the business. With this combination businesses excel further. The media gives a great deal of attention to those who start their businesses with nothing and turning it into large successful organisation. An increasing number of entrepreneurs are young individuals with fresh ideas and an energetic attitude. However an entrepreneur’s age, educational background, and previous business-related experience is not as nearly as important as his or her desire to learn and willingness to bounce back from the obstacles associated with creating a new business endeavour (a trait that successful entrepreneurs share). A typical entrepreneur starts their business by using their savings, re-mortgaging their house, or borrowing from friends or family at a low or interest free rate which can be beneficial when starting out. Eventually the business starts to grow or the finance sources start to dry up, either way the business is in need of financing, which is defined as ‘money to implement a project; it is usually used to mean money lent, or equity provided’ (mos.gov 2008). When small businesses have actually become successful and have a track record then venture capital firms and banks will consider funding the business. Venture capitalists are defined as ‘professionally managed organisational investors’ (Harrison and Mason 1992). Even though banks are a popular and major source of finance for new and growing businesses, they have become less willing to lend money to new ventures (Mason and Harrison 1995, business angel book). Research from Oates (1992) suggests that major retail banks are apprehensive to financing new ventures after the losses in the early 1900s. Prior to this banks had been willing provide high levels of funds to finance start-up and expanding businesses, this was during the macro-economic boom of the mid 1980s (Murray 1994 business angel book). However the recession following this growth led to a considerable increase in the number of small businesses failing. The bank of England’s quarterly bulletin in February 1994 reported that throughout the recession (1992 – 1993) business failures had risen to 55,000 a year. This compared to a more normal rate in the 1980s had more than doubled, and the vast majority of these failures were in the small business sector. Thus the effect of this was a substantial increase in bad debts suffered by banks. The strain of these bad debts and their negative impacts on profits led to banks being reluctant to finance businesses that have just started out. Smith (1994 business angel book) suggests that many banks prefer to use short-term overdraft finance rather than long-term, fixed-rate financial packages. This is because shorter-term packages are not as damaging when the business experiences financial difficulties, however banks will cater for new businesses that have an extremely strong and promising proposal. This has led banks to avoid financing small / medium sized firms, thus leaving a gap in the market for financing smaller businesses. The venture capital industry in the UK is very well developed but does not adequately cater for young businesses. Murray (1994, business angel book) views the venture capital industry as not being a major source of finance for entrepreneurial ventures. One of the reasons why most venture capitalists avoid small business investments is because they are not pleased with administrative tasks that come with these investments, especially when the likely return is not substantial and does not compensate the amount of work required for young entrepreneurial ventures. According to Smith (1994 business angel book) venture capital firms focus more a great deal on management buyouts and the development of established existing businesses, rather than new ventures. Due to this stance of venture capitalists it has led them away from the small / medium sized firms, which also has resulted in a gap for new entrepreneurial ventures. The table ? below highlights some of the main differences between business angels and venture capitalists. Table ? – Business Angels vc Venture Capitalists Source: www.1000ventures.com As it can be seen from table there are many differences between business angels and venture capitalists. The table highlights an imperative point discussed earlier of business angels investing at the start-up / early stage of a small business whereas venture capitalists invest at a later stage of medium to large organisations. The table also shows that business angels are more active and hands on in their investments (active angels) whereas the venture capitalists are more strategic. The gap between family/friends and banks is often referred to as an ‘equity gap’. Financial Times interviewed Peter Jones (an extremely successful entrepreneur and investor) who quotes that there is a funding gap out there for entrepreneurs starting out and that finance is available for them but very hard to find and at this stage for an entrepreneur it is probably the single most biggest hurdle (Moules, Financial Times, 2006). The challenge of overcoming this equity gap is amongst one of the topmost reasons for small businesses not achieving their full potential. According to an article in The Guardian most entrepreneurs overcome this obstacle by obtaining finance from ‘Business Angel’s’ (Kollewe 2007, Guardian). Business Angels are successful entrepreneurs running successful businesses, they invest in budding entrepreneurs in return for a percentage of the business and tend to invest in businesses that have the potential to return a healthy profit. The term angel was originated by Broadway insiders in the early 1900s to describe wealthy theatre-goers who made high risk investments in theatrical productions (Mason 2005). The term business angel was given to those individuals who perform essentially the same function in a business context (Benjamin and Margulis 2000). However, this type of business financing has only become significant since the 1950s and 1960s. Business angels are now defined as private, wealthy individuals who invest their own money as well as their time in small, young, unquoted companies with whom they have no family connections (Deakins and Freel 2003). BNET.com (2007) defines business angels as an affluent individual who provides capital for a business, typically an equity investment. It is well known that angels rarely loan money without any strings attached (i.e. investing in return for a percentage of the business equity); they most often support entrepreneurs and new businesses. Landstrom (1993) states that most business angels have the same characteristics overall. He profiles them as heterogeneous group of people, as almost all business angels are or have been entrepreneurs from different backgrounds. However research carried out by Coveney and Moore (1998) suggests that there is more to a business angel than just wanting to make money. Coveney and Moore (1998) discuss that there are six different types of business angels. (See table 1 – table of different angels in book page 11). Entrepreneur Angels – these are the most active angels and experienced investors. They tend to have been successful entrepreneurs and now looking for ways to diversify their portfolio or expand their current business. They are well known for making frequent and large scale investments, not just for financial gain but for satisfaction of making investments and interacting with the founders/managers. They are also considerable wealthier than other individual business angels. Corporate Angels – these are companies that make angel type investments. These types of angels have been found to invest larger funds than other business angels and have corporate resources at their disposal (Coveney and Moore 1998). They tend to invest mainly for financial gain. Income Seeking Angels – are active business angels who make few and small investments for financial gain and to generate income/job for themselves. Wealth Maximising Angels – are a group of active business angels who have made several investments in new and growing ventures, they make their investments primarily for financial gain. They are generally wealthy but not as wealthy as entrepreneur angels. Latent Angels – these angels are inactive angels who have made one or two investments in the past but not in the last three years. Latent angels are self made private individuals who are very wealthy and have vast amounts of funds to invest. When looking to invest latent angels will be concerned with location of the venture as they would prefer to invest in opportunities close to home, as shown in table (ba v svc)?. Virgin Angels are angels who have not made an investment as of yet but are looking to finance new and growing businesses to create an income for themselves and to increase the return on their investment as much as they can. Virgin angels have fewer funds to invest than active angels. According to Mason and Harrison (1995)(business angels book) there are more virgin angels than active angels and that if half of the virgin angels became active then the total informal venture capital market would grow to ten times the size of formal venture capital market. Most of the time angels prefer to be ‘active angels’ as they like to invest in ventures and monitor their investments to ensure success. Similarly they prefer to invest in new young companies that are at their start-up stage and within close proximity to their home or work place (Harrison et al 2003). However research shows that although angels prefer to be active angels there are more virgin angels than active. (please see chart below). Chart ? – Business Angel market could become 10 times larger Source: www.1000ventures.com Chart (above) shows that in 2000 there were more virgin angels recorded than active angels, this suggests that there are reasons for business angels not being active in investing in entrepreneurial ventures. If the virgin angels could find the right venture to invest in then the business angel market could potentially increase significantly. Could this be solved by angels den? Mason and Harrison (1995)(business angel book) state that most small / medium sized businesses are successful because of the right angel that has backed the business. This could also suggest that the wrong angel could mean failure of the business which is not the case as business angels have experience in all areas of running an organisation but are experts in certain areas, thus this does not mean the business would be unsuccessful. As mentioned earlier Business Angels fulfil an increasingly important funding niche, as banks only loan capital at interest, and venture capitalists invest relatively large sums generally when businesses wish to expand (see appendix I), which leaves the angels to support numerous new businesses each year. The critical issue for young vibrant businesses is finding sufficient funding for start-up and growth (Southon, Financial Times, 2008). Most entrepreneurs first look to banks, and venture capitalists for funding, these sources however can fund only a small percentage of businesses. It is now common for young businesses to find funding from business angels as they cater for this funding niche. The involvement of banks investing in entrepreneurs is lower than the venture capitalist investments (Fiet and Fraser 1994). Some of the benefits of banks entering venture capital finance are discussed by Fiet and Fraser (1994). One of these benefits suggests that the participation of banks would contribute to the elimination of the widely reported capital gap that may exist for funding new ventures. However due to the low involvement of banks investing in new and young entrepreneurs this has increased the involvement of business angels. There have been surprisingly few attempts to compare business angels with non-investors (banks). This is largely due to the fact that their exact population is unknown, however as mentioned earlier a number of studies show that there has been a significant increase in recent years. It is evident from Fiet and Fraser’s (1994) research that business angels provide much more funds for new businesses than venture capital firms and banks, yet their existence is not as well known as banks. Mason and Harrison (1995)(business angel book) state that the reason for business angels not being well know as other investments is because many of the investments made by business angels goes unrecorded by the government due to the scale of investments. Research undertaken by Macht (2007) discusses the post-investment period of business angels and their involvement and impact upon their investments. This study focuses solely on business angels where a survey was administrated online and electronically to business angels to explore their involvement and impact on their investments after the investment had been made, hence post-involvement. This was a useful analysis of why business angels invest and what motivates them. However the research does not consider the entrepreneurs or any other investment when the analysis was carried out. The study by Macht (2007) could add value to this research when assessing what factors business angels contribute in their investment and what sets them apart from banks. There are many banks offering loans to entrepreneurs to either start up their business or support the expansion of the business. Banks requires a thorough business plan submitted for them to evaluate whether the individual is credit worthy, whether they will be able to pay their loan, and within what timescale. According to Small Business Administration (SBA) the most common way entrepreneurs finance their growing or expanding business is through banks (SBA 2008). Banks provide the finance needed if the individual can demonstrate the ability to keep in business, and their ability to repay the loan and meet the firms other obligations. SBA (2008) state that a more difficult route of obtaining finance is from business angels and venture capitalists as these individuals and firms assist companies to grown in exchange for equity or partial ownership. (refer to appendix – show a graph of a business life cycle, i.e. start-up, expansion, maturity etc). SBA (2008) claim that there is no such thing as one hundred percent financing and that it would be required from the entrepreneur to invest some funds into the business before a lender will provide financing, especially banks. However research has shown that business angels have financed entrepreneurial ventures one hundred percent based on the entrepreneurs idea / invention. Dragons Den has become a popular show on television where a group of angels form a network to invest in budding entrepreneurs who pitch their business ideas to the business angels. It has become apparent from this program that business angels have provided one hundred percent finance in entrepreneurial ventures. When applying for finance to business angels they generally would want to know details of the entrepreneur’s current financial situation and background, however with banks it is much more complex than this. There are several questions a bank would need answers to before they would consider any application for a business loan such as, the specific purpose of the loan, the amount you are requesting, when and how long you would need the funds, how the loan will be repaid, what collateral will be used, and whether the business owners will provide a personal guaranty of some sort. A typical loan request involves the following components: Statement of purpose – outlining your purpose of the loan, what it will be needed for, and for how long etc. Business plan – outlining what the business does and it’s short and long term goals. Financial statements this will outline the financial capacity and performance of the business which is important as it will give the lender an insight to how you have generated revenue in the past and how you will continue to do so in the future. A thorough complete loan application alone would not suffice when borrowing funds from a bank. Further evaluation would need to be done on an individual’s financial background to see if they are credit worthy, this is different to the evaluation of the business financials. According to Barclays Plc bank, there are three aspects of credit in making loans decisions which are outlined below. Character – a check on your financial status and personal credit history. Capacity – having sufficient cash flow to pay off the loan. Collateral – providing assurance to the lenders as a last resort should the business not prove profitable. Collateral is a key aspect when applying for finance to a bank. Banks would want to lower the risk of lending as much as possible so that they would feel more confident the loan would be paid on time and in full, which is why they require security on assets, i.e. house, car. Majority of banks offer various loan packages for those wishing to start up or expand their business. This is with the intention to suit the loan to the needs of the particular business. For example, a common loan that banks offer are the small business start up loan package, which are only available on a guaranty basis. The small business loans are not fully guaranteed by the Government where normally if a payment default occurs; the Government will reimburse the lender for its loss up to a certain percentage. To be eligible for a small business loan the firm must not exceed one hundred employees in a wholesale business, or generate more than $21 million in annual revenue (HSBC 2008). This varies for a manufacturing firm (please refer to appendix ? – SBA slides 15). In addition to this, assistance cannot be proved to non-profit organisations, firms involved in illegal activities, or a monopoly situation or businesses engaged in pyramid sales. The small business loan can be used for many purposes such as, purchase of land and buildings, long or short term working capital needs, or purchasing an existing business. Other loans offered by banks are special purpose loans, and basic micro-loans. The special purpose loans serve specific markets such as export markets. The special purpose loan is designed to be short lived that is only required at times of market needs. The basic micro-loans are small loans for small businesses who struggle to obtain conventional financing but have good prospects for repaying the loan back. The micro-loans are under $35,000 but on average the loan size is $13,000, according to Halifax bank plc. These loans help finance the equity gap however are subject to the entrepreneurs’ potential in repaying the loan. (need to find accurate referencing for these banks mentioned, also change $ to  £. P.s. click on slide link for info). As mentioned earlier, if approaching a business angel for finance then the business angel would need to know financial and background specifics of the entrepreneur and the venture. For an entrepreneur, preparing a business plan is vital whether it be for banks, venture capitalists, or business angels. The hardest part to obtaining finance from a business angel is to actually finding business angels, as business angels are not as publicly known as banks nor are they known for financing as many investments as banks do. Similarly it has been hard for business angels to finance investments due to a lack of access to a range of investments. Hughes (1996) found that business angels would invest more frequently if they had access to a better range of investments; however he also stated that many potential ventures which meet the minimum criteria of business angels still goes unfunded. This shows that the right type of business angel cannot gain access to the right type of venture. Recent research shows that in order to overcome the hurdle of the angel meeting the right investment, vice versus, business angels have come together to form networks (FT Moules 2007). This allows a group of angels to combine their funds together to offer larger investments for entrepreneurs needing larger finance. Thus the entrepreneur also benefits from having more than one business angel on board to provide the business with their expertise and knowledge. As mentioned earlier, Dragons Den is a group of business angels who invest in entrepreneurial ventures that are brought forward to them. There have been several cases where more than one angel has invested in the same venture. There has been further development of the traditional angel networks of meeting entrepreneurs face to face. Angels Den has been one of many to launch an online networking website that specifically aims to connect entrepreneurs with business angels (FT Moules 2007). How this works is that the users of this service would pay a small fee of around  £100 to pitch an idea to the websites private investors. If the idea is liked then entrepreneur must pay a larger fee of around  £400 to pitch a full business plan. From this point if the investor is interested in the pitch then a face to face meeting is arranged. The fees that are charged for these websites are to be said a ‘fraction of the cost of traditional marketing’, according to Financial Times 2007, Moules. Angels Den does not take equity stakes in funded businesses or a percentage cut from completed deals, and the service is free to business angels (angelsden.co.uk). The website encourages business angels to join which is free for them to do so; this is beneficial for entrepreneurs as it does not discourage business angels from joining hence increasing their chances of finding the right angel. This method is gradually becoming well known to the public thus increasing the exposure of business angels. It would therefore become much easier for entrepreneurs to find business angels and not feel banks and venture capitalists are the only accessible alternatives for finance, especially for those that have poor credit and no security to offer banks. It would also be easier for the government to measure the investment activity on annual basis and realise that business angels do make more investments than currently recorded that fill the equity gap (FT Mason, 2007). There had been attempts in the past to achieve similar objectives to the online networking sites as discussed above, these were referred to as business introduction services. They had tried to act as communicators between entrepreneurs seeking capital and interested potential investors; however this service did not exist online. According to Hughes (1996) these organisations had not been very successful in overcoming the problem of filling the equity gap, which still exists to this day. An article by the businesszone.co.uk states that one of the most common mistakes that individuals’ starting out in business make is assuming that they can reach their full potential by themselves. Whereas Dragons Den angels Theo Paphitis, and Peter Jones claim that the biggest mistake entrepreneurs make is over-estimating the value of their company and not having enough cash to sustain the business. As Theo Paphitis quotes â€Å"cash is king†. Even though business angels seem to be more beneficial as investors than banks Drury (2008)(nzherald.co.nz) states that the vast majority of business angel deals do not proceed well. This can be because companies can often take much more time than the angel had thought and also more cash than forecasted. This could also be because the angel that has made the investment is a first time angel investor and thus lack experience. Drury (2008) also states that some angel investors may not know they are an angel yet as anyone moderately wealthy could potentially be an angel if they find a venture to invest in. There are many ways to define beneficial, prenhall.co.uk defines beneficial as ‘producing or promoting a favourable result’. In terms of investing in entrepreneurs and which investment would be beneficial for entrepreneurial ventures this can be measured by reviewing what factors are advantageous for the entrepreneur and their business. Some of the factors can include the following: Finance provided Interest rate Expertise Knowledge Using business angel contacts Involvement from the investor to improve things No involvement from the investor, therefore less interference in the business Studies have shown that business angels can provide added value beyond financial capital (Ehrlich et al 1994). Having a business angel invest in the venture can help sustain competitive advantage, which is beneficial for the entrepreneurs’, as the angels bring more than capital to the business; they can bring their experience, contacts, and expertise to progress the business further. The resource-based perspective argues that sustained competitive advantage is generated by the unique bundle of resources at t